![]() None of the two directions win however, their similarity/equality in terms of proximity imparts to the square matrix a strong sense of stability and equilibrium between the two directions. It is worth noting that the similarity/equality of proximities between rows and columns makes the perception very reversible, switching rows to columns and vice versa. ![]() Diagonal arrangements are very dissimilar and are difficult to perceive in spite of attentional efforts. In Figure 1a, the proximity groups the dots along the vertical and horizontal directions, creating a square matrix of rows and columns. The Gestalt principles of proximity and similarity: all else being equal, the closest and most-similar elements are grouped together creating an uniform square matrix ( a), columns ( b), rows ( c) and oblique arrangements ( d). The results demonstrated the necessity to introduce a principle of dissimilarity that is complementary to similarity as already studied by Gestalt psychologists. Dissimilarity was shown as a basic principle of figure–ground segregation, as a tool useful to create at will new groups and visual objects within patterns where they are totally invisible, as an attribute that is able to accentuate different shape components within the same object, as a way to distort shapes and create visual illusions, but also to reduce or annul them and, finally, to decompose, ungroup and reshape single objects. Limits and incompleteness of the similarity principle have suggested the basic, more general and stronger role of dissimilarity in perceptual grouping under a large variety of conditions. More generally, this work aims to show that the Gestalt principle of similarity alone is not sufficient for a full understanding of perceptual organization occurring both in the classical and mostly in the new phenomena here presented. The main purpose of this work is to explore the Gestalt principle of similarity and to demonstrate that the use of this term alone is not sufficient to understand the dynamics of grouping fully and correctly.
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